Effect of the surface composition of motile Escherichia coli and motile Salmonella species on the direction of galvanotaxis.

We have reported that motile Escherichia coli K-12 placed in an electric field swims toward the anode but that motile Salmonella typhimurium strains swim toward the cathode, a phenomenon called galvanotaxis (J. Adler and W. Shi, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 53:23-25, 1988). In the present study, we isolated mutants with an altered direction of galvanotaxis. By further analyses of these mutants and by examination of E. coli and Salmonella strains with altered cell surface structure, we have now established a correlation between the direction of galvanotaxis and the surface structure of the cell: motile rough bacteria (that is, those without O polysaccharide; for example, E. coli K-12 and S. typhimurium mutants of classes galE and rfa) swam toward the anode, whereas motile smooth bacteria (that is, those with O polysaccharide; for example, wild-type S. typhimurium LT2) swam toward the cathode. However, smooth bacteria with acidic polysaccharide capsules (K1 in E. coli and Vi in Salmonella typhi) swam toward the anode. Measurements of passive electrophoretic mobility of strains representative of each set were made. We propose that the different directions of galvanotaxis of rough (or capsulate) bacteria and of smooth bacteria are explicable if the negative electrophoretic mobility of flagellar filaments is less than that of rough bodies but greater than that of smooth bodies.